C wafer had a significant influence around the longitudinal or radial
C wafer had a considerable influence on the longitudinal or radial VEGF-A Proteins manufacturer resonance frequency. Chen et al. [33] derived the equations in the resonance frequency and amplification factor from the quarter-wave cone transducer according to electromechanical equivalent circuit theory. The addition of pre-stressed bolts could raise the resonant frequency from the stacked transducer. Two conclusions is usually drawn from the literature overview. One particular is the fact that the power on the laminated transducer is larger than that of your single-wafer transducer, which can account for the powerful attenuation of ultrasonic waves propagating in viscoelastic media. The other is the fact that the laminated technology of piezoelectric wafers is mainly utilized in underwater transducers, and no relevant applications happen to be located for the ultrasonic testing of industrial elements. Because of the various structures, the underwater acoustic transducer can’t be straight utilised for industrial component detection. As a result, the ultrasonic laminated transducer proposed in this paper has important application worth and significance. The variations among the ultrasonic laminated transducer with a frequency of 1 MHz proposed within this paper plus the current underwater transducers are shown in Table 1.Table 1. Differences amongst proposed and underwater transducer.Name On wafers Laminated wafers Below wafers ApplicationProposed Transducer Backing material Strong wafer Matching layer Ultrasonic testingUnderwater Transducer Rubber sheet TNF Receptor 2 (TNF-R2) Proteins Species Hollow wafer/Curved wafer Rubber sheet Communication/Target detection1.4. Contributions of Present Operate Within this study of ultrasonic laminated transducers for detecting viscoelastic media, the following tasks have been completed. 1. Determined by the correspondence principle of simple harmonic waves, the wave equation in viscoelastic media was derived. Because the equation is actually a function of your angular frequency , ultrasonic waves propagate in viscoelastic media with greater attenuation than that in elastic media. According to the amplitude requency relationship in viscoelastic media, by setting the independent variable array of 950050 kHz for the transcendental equation, the 1-MHz resonance frequency from the laminated transducer was obtained by a graphical method.two.Sensors 2021, 21,5 of3. 4. 5.The sound field simulation and experimental results showed that the achieve on the four-laminated transducer was 15 dB higher than that in the single-wafer transducer. An ultrasonic function scanning system was constructed to comprehend the qualitative and quantitative detection with the smallest artificial hole (two mm 10 mm). Two different natural defects have been scanned, and also the results had been compared with those obtained employing an industrial CT detection program. The outcomes showed that the ultrasonic system was extra accurate within the characterization on the two organic defects. The key explanation was that the industrial CT method was not sensitive to defects parallel for the incident direction in the ray.two. Principle of Laminated Transducer two.1. Correspondence Principle of Basic Harmonic Wave Under the condition of a little deformation, a viscoelastic strain displacement, threedimensional constitutive and dynamic equations are as follows [34]: 1 [u (x , t) uj,i (xi , t)], 2 i,j i ij (xi , t) = ij (t) d kk 2t) d ij ,ij (xi , t)=(1)ij,j (xi , t) fi =2 ui (xi , t) , twhere ij may be the Kronecker symbol, i,j,k represent the x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively, fi is the element of the volumetric force, (t) and t) are vis.