Ther research have shown that cultures of G. sulfurreducens generate biofilms that exhibit higher current densities–one of the highest pili and explored for their prospective use as biological nanowires. For instance, the variety IV pili of recognized current densities when incorporated into microbial fuel cells [59]. These G. sulfurreducens pili Geobacter sulfurreducens reduces Fe(III) oxides by transporting electrons more than extended [61], creating has distances and are capable of long-range metallic-like conductivity [60] and supercapacitor 875787-07-8 Autophagy behavior prospective applications for use in microbial-based environmentally sustainable kind of energy 83730-53-4 Epigenetics storage. that them an thrilling prospect for use as a low-cost and fuel cells [57,58]. Additional studies have shown cultures ofThe sulfurreducens make biofilms that exhibit higher current densities–one on the highest G. -sheet and connecting loops in the type IV pilins kind the surface of the pilus, and are hence exposed for the when method. As a into microbial fuel cells [59]. These G. sulfurreducens identified current densitiesimmuneincorporatedresult these regions show important sequence variability pili in between long-range metallic-like for the use of mutagenesis to style fibers with altered [61], making are capable ofbacterial systems. This permits conductivity [60] and supercapacitor behavior surface properties. Study is for use as explore how protein engineering on the monomer can lead toenergy them an fascinating prospect ongoing to a low-cost and environmentally sustainable form of nanofiber attachment to other abiotic surfaces. As an example, addition of a polyhistidine tag towards the storage. C-terminus on the protein can potentially direct binding to nickel and copper surfaces or nanoparticles. Thewe take into consideration binding of T4P/PNT to of your sort IV pilinsepithelial cells, this opens an thrilling area therefore If -sheet and connecting loops biotic surfaces for example kind the surface on the pilus, and are exposed to the study in therapeutics. As may be the case withregions to abiotic surfaces, thesequenceofvariability for further immune method. Because of this these binding show important D-region the between bacterial systems. This permits for the usage of mutagenesis to design and style fibers with altered surface pilin is responsible for forming particular interactions with cellular glycolipids [62]. This receptor-specific interaction can permit for mediated drug delivery protein engineering from the monomer can bring about properties. Investigation is ongoing to discover howupon binding on the synthetic nanofibers.Figure 2. Pilin-derived protein nanotube (PNT) assembly. (A) The K122 pilin (PBD ID 1QVE [45])nanofiber attachment to other abiotic surfaces. For instance, addition of a polyhistidine tag towards the Cterminus from the protein can potentially direct binding to nickel and copper surfaces or nanoparticles. If we think about binding of T4P/PNT to biotic surfaces for example epithelial cells, this opens an thrilling area for further investigation in therapeutics. As is definitely the case with binding to abiotic surfaces, the D-region in the pilin is accountable for forming precise interactions with cellular glycolipids [62]. This receptorspecific interaction can permit for mediated drug delivery upon binding with the synthetic nanofibers.Biomedicines 2019, 7,6 of3. Virus-Based Protein Nanotubes (PNTs) Viral capsids are protein shells that serve to defend the enclosed genetic material. These self-assembling capsids are formed from relatively basic protein building blocks creating them.