Iron-starved cells at 26 (stationary and exponential phase, respectively; Table 4). The question arose whether iron-starved Y. pestis cells activated a different metabolic route of pyruvate degradation able to produce reducing equivalents (NADHPieper et al. BMC Microbiology 2010, 10:30 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/10/Page 12 of(Figure 4). FldA was identified in faint 2D spots and not reproducibly quantitated. PoxB activity measurements revealed excellent correlation between enhanced abundances and increased reaction rates in iron-starved cells. PoxB activities were 5.3-fold and 7.8-fold higher in lysates of iron-starved cells than in lysates of ironreplete cells at 26 (stationary and exponential phase, respectively; Table 4). Electron transport chains are localized in the IM, a fact that compromised the analysis of subunits of these IM protein complexes in 2D gels. NuoCD#99, a peripheral membrane protein of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, was moderately decreased in abundance in iron-depleted cells (Figure 3). The E. coli NuoCD subcomplex is important for binding of some of the six Nuo-integrated Fe-S clusters [53]. Subunits of Fe-S cluster purchase GW 4064 proteins with roles in two anaerobic energy metabolism branches were also less abundant in iron-depleted cells. This pertained to PflB#37 and YfiD#19, proteins of the formate-pyruvate lyase complex, and FrdA#6, which is part of the terminal electron acceptor fumarate reductase (Figure 4). Decreased abundances of metabolically active Fe-S cluster enzymes were a notable feature of PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28854080 iron-starved Y. pestis proteome profiles, while the abundance and activity of PoxB suggested that this enzyme was important to maintain the aerobic energy metabolism and iron cofactor-independent generation of UQH2 in iron-deficient Y. pestis cells.Oxidative stress response in Y. pestis under iron starvation conditionsFigure 2 Protein display in 2D gels of Y. pestis KIM6+ periplasmic fractions in the pI range 6.5-9 (-Fe vs. +Fe conditions). Proteins were derived from cell growth in the presence of 10 M FeCl3 at 26 (top) or absence of FeCl3 at 26 (bottom). Gels (20 ?25 cm) were stained with CBB, with three gel replicates representing each group, and subjected to differential display analysis using the software Proteomweaver v.4.0. Protein assignment to a spot required validation by MS data from at least two representative gels. The denoted spot numbers are equivalent to those listed in Table 1 with their `-Fe vs. +Fe’ protein abundance ratios and other data.and UQH2 ) for the electron transport chain. Pyruvate oxidase (PoxB) degrades pyruvate to acetate and is a flavin-dependent, iron-independent enzyme that generates UQH 2 [52]. The pyruvate oxidase pathway indeed appeared to be important, as judged by the strong abundance increase of PoxB#39 (Figure 4) under -Fe conditions. The flavin cofactor may be recruited from redox activities of two flavodoxins. FldA3#44 was quite abundant and moderately increased in iron-depleted cellsOxidative stress is caused by various oxygen radicals and H2O2, and catalyzed by redox enzymes in non-specific reactions. While the presence of free intracellular iron aggravates oxidative stress via the Fenton reaction, it is mitigated by cytoplasmic proteins that scavenge free iron, e.g. Dps and the ferritins FtnA and Bfr [54]. The question arose how aerobically growing, iron-deficient Y. pestis cells coped with oxidative stress. One of the main E. coli global regulators of the oxida.