And G. Pauli Anthrax kills wild chimpanzees in a tropical rainforest. GPRP (acetate) Nature : Leendertz, F. H G. Pauli, K. MaetzRensing, W. Boardman, C. Nunn, H. Ellerbrok, S. A. Jensen, S. SAR405 web Junglen, and C. Boesch Pathogens as drivers of population declinesthe significance of systematic monitoring in good apes as well as other threatened mammals. Biol. Conserv. :. a.Liu, W M. Worobey, Y. Li, B. F. Keele, F. BibolletRuche, P. Goepfert, M. L. Santiago, J.B.L. Ndjango, C. Neel, S. L. Clifford, C. Sanz, S. Kamenya,
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Well being ; doi:.ijerphOPEN ACCESSInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthISSN www.mdpi.comjournalijerph ArticleValidation of your MINI (DSM IV) Tool for the Assessment of Alcohol Dependence among Young Persons in Northern Tanzania Using the Alcohol Biomarker Phosphatidylethanol (PEth)Joel M. Francis ,,, Anders Helander , Saidi H. Kapiga ,,, Helen A. Weiss and Heiner Grosskurth ,,Department of Infectious Illness Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WCE HT, UK; [email protected] (S.H.K.); [email protected] (H.A.W.); [email protected] (H.G.) National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania Division of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE , Sweden; [email protected] Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit (MITU), Mwanza, Tanzania Author to whom correspondence needs to be addressed; [email protected]; Tel.. Academic EditorPaul B. Tchounwou ReceivedAugust AcceptedOctober PublishedOctoberAbstractThe alcohol dependence section from the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview questionnaire (MINI) has not been evaluated in young Africans. We applied the MINI in a crosssectional study of alcohol customers from northernTanzania, aged years (male casual workers and students), and validated it against phophatidylethanol (PEth) at a cutoff suggesting heavy chronic alcohol use (. olL). Blood was assayed for PEth (::subform) by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. The MINI dependence criteria (good responses) have been met by participants even though their PEth levels have been low. Contrary, lots of young people today with high PEth levels were not classified as dependent. The sensitivity in the MINI ranged from to (female students and 
male workers, respectively) and specificity from to (workers and female students, respectively). The highest AUROC occurred using a cutoff of constructive responses. A modified MINI with three affirmative responses to five questions improved specificity to ; however, sensitivity remained low. TheInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Well being ,functionality of the MINI in detecting dependence among young persons from northernTanzania is unsatisfactory. Specificity was improved employing a modified version but sensitivity remained low. An correct tool for the diagnosis of alcohol dependence is required for epidemiological and clinical purposes. KeywordsMINI; DSM IV; AUDIT; PEth; alcohol dependence; young persons; Tanzania. Introduction Dangerous alcohol use in young individuals is becoming an increasingly substantial public overall health issue in lowincome settings, including sub Saharan Africa (SSA) . The issue can also be widespread among young people today in East Africa but, because of lack of validated diagnostic tools, the diagnosis 
of harmful use and alcohol dependence amongst young folks remains challenging . The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Overall health Problems, th edition (DSM IV) as well as the.And G. Pauli Anthrax kills wild chimpanzees within a tropical rainforest. Nature : Leendertz, F. H G. Pauli, K. MaetzRensing, W. Boardman, C. Nunn, H. Ellerbrok, S. A. Jensen, S. Junglen, and C. Boesch Pathogens as drivers of population declinesthe importance of systematic monitoring in fantastic apes and also other threatened mammals. Biol. Conserv. :. a.Liu, W M. Worobey, Y. Li, B. F. Keele, F. BibolletRuche, P. Goepfert, M. L. Santiago, J.B.L. Ndjango, C. Neel, S. L. Clifford, C. Sanz, S. Kamenya,
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Well being ; doi:.ijerphOPEN ACCESSInternational Journal of Environmental Study and Public HealthISSN www.mdpi.comjournalijerph ArticleValidation on the MINI (DSM IV) Tool for the Assessment of Alcohol Dependence among Young People today in Northern Tanzania Using the Alcohol Biomarker Phosphatidylethanol (PEth)Joel M. Francis ,,, Anders Helander , Saidi H. Kapiga ,,, Helen A. Weiss and Heiner Grosskurth ,,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WCE HT, UK; [email protected] (S.H.K.); [email protected] (H.A.W.); [email protected] (H.G.) National Institute for Health-related Investigation, Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania Division of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE , Sweden; [email protected] Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit (MITU), Mwanza, Tanzania Author to whom correspondence must be addressed; [email protected]; Tel.. Academic EditorPaul B. Tchounwou ReceivedAugust AcceptedOctober PublishedOctoberAbstractThe alcohol dependence section with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview questionnaire (MINI) has not been evaluated in young Africans. We applied the MINI within a crosssectional study of alcohol users from northernTanzania, aged years (male casual workers and students), and validated it against phophatidylethanol (PEth) at a cutoff suggesting heavy chronic alcohol use (. olL). Blood was assayed for PEth (::subform) by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. The MINI dependence criteria (positive responses) were met by participants although their PEth levels had been low. Contrary, quite a few young persons with high PEth levels were not classified as dependent. The sensitivity of the MINI ranged from to (female students and male workers, respectively) and specificity from to (workers and female students, respectively). The highest AUROC occurred having a cutoff of positive responses. A modified MINI with three affirmative responses to five concerns enhanced specificity to ; nevertheless, sensitivity remained low. TheInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Wellness ,efficiency from the MINI in detecting dependence among young men and women from northernTanzania is unsatisfactory. Specificity was improved employing a modified version but sensitivity remained low. An accurate tool for the diagnosis of alcohol dependence is required for epidemiological and clinical purposes. KeywordsMINI; DSM IV; AUDIT; PEth; alcohol dependence; young people today; Tanzania. Introduction Dangerous alcohol use in young people today is becoming an increasingly significant public health difficulty in lowincome settings, including sub Saharan Africa (SSA) . The issue is also frequent amongst young folks in East Africa but, resulting from lack of validated diagnostic tools, the diagnosis of harmful use and alcohol dependence among young folks remains challenging . The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Wellness Disorders, th edition (DSM IV) and the.